Here's another way to look at it:
A taper spreads out the bottom end of the pot's rotation. At noon, the pot has only covered 15% of the resistance. As bengerland said, good for audio signals (usually).
B taper is linear; at noon the pot has covered 50% of the resistance. Sometimes, B taper is actually better for Gain and Volume controls, more about that in a minute.
C taper spreads out the top end of rotation. At noon, the pot has covered 85% of the resistance. C taper is good for certain kinds of Gain and Tone controls and for Speed controls on some modulation pedals.
All that being said, the circuit around the pot can alter it's effective taper. Many fuzz pedals have a resistor at the bottom end of the Fuzz control because there is little use in dialing the signal all the way down to zero. Let's use the Ungula (EQD Hoof) as an example. The Fuzz pot is B50K, linear taper. But there is a 2.2K resistor at the bottom. That 2.2K resistor effectively makes this pot behave like an audio taper pot, at least at the bottom end of rotation. Without the 2.2K resistor, there would be a huge jump in gain from zero to 1 with a B taper pot. with it, the gain change is only 9%, about 1dB. In the case of the Ungula, and other BMP designs, the circuitry after the Fuzz pot loads the pot and affects the feel of the pot. Because R7 is 8.2K, which is small compared to the 50K Fuzz pot, the pot will be less sensitive in the middle part of the rotation. This is a good thing because that is usually the part of the rotation we use the most. Well, some of us anyway.
Many OD and boost pedals are capable of outputting a large signal, which is great for overdriving the next pedal or an amp. But we don't always want that. For those pedals, A taper is preferred for the volume control because otherwise, unity would be around 1 or 2. Other ODs output a modest signal, such as the Distortion 250 (DOD 250 Overdrive). The max output signal is maybe 0.7Vp-p. The Volume pot on those is A taper, but B taper would work better because unity can be up around 8 or 9 with humbuckers.